钨铜高压电弧触头
简介
进入21世纪以来,随着经济社会的迅速发展,人们对复合材料的要求越来越高。为了满足高压电弧所需的抗熔焊、耐电蚀、高电导、低含气量等特点的要求,人们对传统高压电弧的生产技术进行了一系列工艺上的改进。具有高导电导热性的铜和具有高温强度、强抗电弧烧蚀的钨的良好结合使得钨铜复合材料具有一系列优异性能,广泛应用于电接触材料、电子封装和热沉材料中。通过采用将纯净钨粉模压成型、高温烧结,一次完成渗铜和覆铜的加工工艺从而形成适合高压电弧使用的钨铜复合材料电触头。这种加工工艺使得钨骨架的强度非常高,而且钢呈网状分布,基体组织细小均匀,并且气体含量低、覆铜层与钨铜基体结合紧密,这些特 点不仅满足了高压电弧的使用要求,而且降低了高压电弧触头的生产成本,从而获得了较好的经济效益。
性能
钨铜高压电弧触头是高压断路器,开关柜,隔离开关,接地开关的核心部件。电触头尤其是弧触头质量的好坏,直接影响这些高压电器的质量及使用寿命。因此,在高压电弧使用的触头对于性能要求相对比较高。钨铜触头具有优良的耐电弧烧损性和抗熔焊性,断弧性能好,导电导热好,热膨胀小,高温不软化,高强度,高密度,高硬度等特点。具有很好的导电导热性,较好的高温强度和一定的塑性。在3000℃以上的温度下,合金中的铜被液化蒸发,大量吸收热量,降低材料表面温度。由此可见,钨铜触头是高压电弧的选择。
工艺
在高压电弧触头的使用上,钨铜触头已经存在多年。钨铜触头在高压SF6,空气和油介质以及大电流断路器上用量比较大而且它们一般都采用混粉压制烧结以及熔渗工艺生产相结合的办法,成分以20%~30%Cu+80%~70%W居多。最近几年以来,真空高压开关迅速的发展,同时真空高压开关对触头材料的要求相对要高,除满足一般开关的基本性能以外,基于真空中触头表面非常干净的特点,使得真空高压开关触头更容易熔焊,因此对触头材料就不仅要有更高的抗熔焊性,还需要有足够高的耐电弧压强度、尽量低得截止电流和极低的含气量。这些要求和材料特质使得真空高压开关触头材料集中在钨铜复合材料上。目前市场上一些触头材料的成分为90%W+10%Cu,性能较差,在使用中会出现熔焊现象。而钨渗铜材料的性能特别适合真空高压复合开关触头的要求,但是按传统的生产工艺,材料利用率低,成本高。因此近年来,为了提高电触头材料的使用寿命采用了许多更为先进的制作工艺,如纤维强化法、等静压制-浸渍法,烧结轧制工艺、离子注入、电弧熔炼法等等。
钨铜高压电弧触头优点
触头基体和铜面的结合面是靠钨和铜两元素相互扩散进去的,两者的结合强度非常高,在高温电弧作用下不开裂(40.5KV 630A,电弧温度大约3000度)。基面钨铜做为耐电弧烧蚀的工作面,薄薄的铜层做为底座钎焊面,实现两种不同材料的复合。
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